ABSTRACT
The metabolites were detected in feces and urine of rats orally administrated alkaloids of Piper longum by using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a Fourier Transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (HPLC-FT-MS). According to the mass spectrometric data and reported literature, the structures of metabolites were identified. Several metabolites were analyzed and belonged to piperine, piperanine, piperlonguminine, Δα,β-dihydropiperlonguminine and pellitorine, respectively. The metabolites of alkaloids from P. longum alkaloids were produced through Ⅰ phase and Ⅱ phase metabolism reaction, and were excreted with urination and defecation. The approach provided a rapid method for characterizing the metabolites of P. longum alkaloids and gave the truly active structures and the action mechanism of their neuroprotective effects.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To discuss the protective effect of alkaloids from Piper longum (PLA) in rat dopaminergic neuron injury of 6-OHDA-induced Parkinson's disease and its possible mechanism.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The rat PD model was established by injecting 6-OHDA into the unilateral striatum with a brain solid positioner. The PD rats were divided into the PLA group (50 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)), the madorpa group (50 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) and the model group, with 15 rats in each group. All of the rats were orally given drugs once a day for 6 weeks. Meanwhile, other 15 rats were randomly selected as the sham operation group, and only injected with normal saline in the unilateral striatum. The behavioral changes were observed with the apomorphine (APO)-induced rotation and rotary rod tests. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells in rat substantia nigra and the density of TH-positive fibers in striatum were detected by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. The content of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in rat substantia nigra and striatum were measured by the spectrophotometric method.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>After being induced by APO, PD rats showed obvious rotation behaviors, with decreased time stay on rotary rod and significant reduction in the number of TH-positive cells in sustantia nigra and the density of TH-positive fibers in striatum. The activities of SOD, GSH-Px, CAT, the content of GSH and the total antioxidant capacity significantly decreased, whereas the activities of NOS and the content of MDA, NO significantly increased. PLA could significantly improve the behavioral abnormality of PD rats and increase the number of TH-positive cells in sustantia nigra and the density of TH-positive fibers in striatum. It could up-regulate the activities of SOD, GSH-Px, CAT, the content of GSH and the total antioxidant capacity, and decrease the content of NOS and the content of MDA, NO.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Alkaloids from P. longum shows the protective effect in substantia nigra cells of 6-OHDA-induced PD model rats. Its mechanism may be related with their antioxidant activity.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Administration, Oral , Alkaloids , Pharmacology , Apomorphine , Pharmacology , Catalase , Metabolism , Dopamine Agonists , Pharmacology , Dopaminergic Neurons , Metabolism , Pathology , Glutathione , Metabolism , Glutathione Peroxidase , Metabolism , Malondialdehyde , Metabolism , Motor Activity , Neostriatum , Metabolism , Nitric Oxide , Metabolism , Nitric Oxide Synthase , Metabolism , Oxidopamine , Parkinson Disease, Secondary , Piper , Chemistry , Random Allocation , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Substantia Nigra , Metabolism , Superoxide Dismutase , Metabolism , Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase , MetabolismABSTRACT
To study the constituents of the Prunella vulgaris L, the constituents were isolated by various column chromatography and the structures were identified on the basis of chemical and spectral analysis. One saponin compound (I) and one flavone glycoside compound (II) were obtained from Prunella vulgaris L. Their structures were elucidated as 16-oxo-17-demethyl-3beta,24-dihydroxylolean-12-en-3-O-beta-D-glucuronoside (I), and acacetin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (II). Compound I is a novel triterpenoid saponin and named as prunelloside A. Compound II was obtained for the first time from the Prunella genus.